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Title: Software/Operating Systems/Unix/History - A Brief History of Unix History of Unix and causes for its popularity. "This document is designed to give people with no previous UNIX experience some sense of what UNIX is. This document will cover the history of UNIX and a

A_Brief_Synopsis_of_Unix_History University of Indiana Knowledge Base article. Summary of Unix versions and links to related entries.

CSRG_Archive_CD-ROMs The full source archives of the University of California at Berkeley's Computer Systems Research Group, for sale on a 4-CD set.

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A Brief History of Unix

A Brief History of Unix

By Charles Severance

This document is designed to give people with no previous UNIXexperience some sense of what UNIX is. This document will cover thehistory of UNIX and an introduction to UNIX.

HISTORY OF UNIX AND CAUSES FOR ITS POPULARITY

Most discussions of UNIX begin with the history of UNIX withoutexplaining why the history of UNIX is important to understanding UNIX.The remainder of this document will describe some strengths andweaknesses of UNIX and attempt to explain why UNIX is becomingpopular. All of UNIX's strengths and weaknesses can be directlyrelated to the history of its development, hence a discussion ofhistory is very useful.UNIX was originally developed at Bell Laboratories as a privateresearch project by a small group of people starting in 1969. This group hadexperience with a number of different operating systems researchefforts in the 1970's. The goals of the group were to design anoperating system to satisfy the following objectives:Simple and elegantWritten in a high level language rather than assembly languageAllow re-use of codeTypical vendor operating systems of the time were extremely large andall written in assembly language. UNIX had a relatively small amountof code written in assembly language (this is called the kernel) andthe remaining code for the operating system was written in a highlevel language called C.The group worked primarily in the high level language in developingthe operating system. As this development continued, small changeswere necessary in the kernel and the language to allow the operating system to be completed. Through this evolution the kernel and associated software were extended until a complete operating system was written on top of the kernel in the language C.

UNIX APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE

Many proprietary operating systems have a simplified view of applicationbehavior. The typical application reads some data from disk, tape or aterminal and does some processing. Output is produced onto disk, tape, tape, terminal, or printer. The operating systems generally provide easy to use well-implemented facilities to support these types of facilities.As applications become more sophisticated they need new features such asnetwork access, multi-tasking, and interprocess communications. In traditional operating systems, these features are often hard to use, not well documented, and only callable from assembly language. Whena program makes use of these features, the program may be much more complexand much more difficult to maintain.In UNIX because the C language was written to be used to implement anoperating system rather than a traditional "input-processing-output"application, use of these sophisticated features is quite easily donefrom the C language without writing any assembly language.In addition, the documentation for these sophisticated features is in the same format and location as the documentation for the normal applicationcalls. When UNIX was distributed, users could write applications in C and easily make use of all of the operating system facilities.This allowed application developers to quickly develop much more sophisticated applications using these facilities.The pattern of development in UNIX when adding new features such asnetworking is to provide an application program interface from the Clanguage to access the new features.In general UNIX system developers and application developers programin the same language using the same application programming interface.In typical proprietary operating systems, the operating systemsprogrammers are programming in assembly language and have access to amany capabilities which are not available to the applicationdeveloper.

UNIX NETWORKING

In 1984, the University of California at Berkeley released version 4.2BSDwhich included a complete implementation of the TCP/IP networking protocols. Systems based on this and later BSD releases provided amulti-vendor networking capability based on Ethernet networking.The networking support included, remote login, file transfer, electronic mail,and other important features.As UNIX was ported onto more and more different types of computerhardware the UNIX networking allowed many different types of systemsto share and mutually use data. Networks consisting of many different systemscould be used as a large distributed system.When SUN Microsystems added NFS (Network File System), this ability to shareand mutually use data was significantly enhanced.

UNIX POPULARITY

At this point, the reader might be asking, "This document is designedfor first time UNIX users. Why all of this discussion aboutprogramming and system programming?" The answer is because thedocument is using the history of UNIX to explain why UNIX is sopopular. The application portability and system programming issueshave caused many hardware and software vendors to choose UNIX.The effect of many vendors choosing UNIX is that there is a wide varietyof UNIX systems available to users at attractive prices. There are three primary causes for UNIX's popularity (and noneis user interface):Only a very small amount of code in UNIX is written in assemblylanguage. This makes it relatively easy for a computer vendor toget UNIX running on their system. UNIX is nearly the unanimous choice ofoperating system for computer companies started since 1985.The user benefit which results from this is that UNIX runs on awide variety of computer systems. Many traditional vendors havemade UNIX available on their systems in addition to theirproprietary operating systems.The application program interface allows many different types ofapplications to be easily implemented under UNIX without writingassembly language. These applications are relatively portableacross multiple vendor hardware platforms. Third party softwarevendors can save costs by supporting a single UNIX version of theirsoftware rather than four completely different vendor specificversions requiring four times the maintenance.Vendor-independent networking allows users to easily network multiple systems from many different vendors.These features of UNIX have contributed to its rise in popularitysince the mid 1980's

USER INTERFACE

So far, there has been no mention of the user interface for UNIX.UNIX is a good operating system for experienced programmers. Theoperating system was designed and implemented by experiencedprogrammers so everything which the experienced programmer needs ispresent but not much else. A perfect example of this is the on-linedocumentation called "man-pages" or manual pages. The material iscompletely reference oriented with very little tutorial information.Experienced programmers find the man pages very useful but thebeginning user often finds them overwhelming.In the last few years, there has been extensive work to improve theuser interface to UNIX. The most dramatic effort has been theaddition of windowing interfaces on top of UNIX such as X-windows,Suntools, NextStep, Motif, OpenLook, etc. These windowing interfacesdo not change UNIX itself but are built on top of UNIX to provide amore intuitive interface to UNIX. Each of the different userinterfaces has some advantages and some disadvantages. Currentlyintensive development effort is being done on all of these GraphicalUser Interfaces (GUIs).Vendors providing UNIX also have done a work to improve the userinterface of their particular versions of UNIX for users withoutwindowing interfaces. Even with all of these efforts, UNIX is weak inthe end-user interface area.

USER PORTABILITY

Even with a relatively poor user interface, UNIX has a following ofnon-programmer users. The primary reason for this is because UNIX runson so many different computer systems ranging from small desktopsto the largest computers in the world. Once a user has learnedUNIX, the skills can be used on many different systems. This ability for a user to work on many different makes of computer systems withoutre-training is called "user portability".Many users of other operating systems have converted to usingUNIX becausethey felt that UNIX would be the "last" operating system they wouldhave to learn.

OPEN SYSTEMS

There is a recent effort to define what is an "open system" in theinternational standards area. An open system is a system which allowsapplication portability, system interoperability, and user portability between many different computer vendor hardware platforms.UNIX is a good example of the advantages to the user havingan "open system".

HISTORY SUMMARY

From a simple beginning as a personal research project to an importantrole in the operating systems on a wide range of computer systems fromdesktop micros to the largest mainframes, UNIX has and will have a lotof impact. The strength of UNIX is its portability across multiplevendor hardware platforms, vendor independent networking, and the strength of its application programming interface.These benefits are so strong that the relative weak end-userinterface has not slowed the adoption of UNIX.The end users are not the direct beneficiaries of the portability andthe application program interface. However end-users have alreadyseen the dramatic drop in the cost ofcomputing when multiple vendors can providethe same operating system and software solutions.End users are currently making the choice for inexpensive and flexible computing rather than best user interface in choosing UNIX.Press here to return to the Basic Unix Help Menu

History	of	Unix	and
causes	for	its	popularity.	"This
document	is	designed	to	give
people	with	no	previous	UNIX
experience	some	sense	of	what
UNIX	is.	This	document	will
cover	the	history	of	UNIX
and	a

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History of Unix and causes for its popularity. "This document is designed to give people with no previous UNIX experience some sense of what UNIX is. This document will cover the history of UNIX and a

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