| International_Phonetic_Association Provides the academic community world-wide with a notational standard for the phonetic representation of all languages: the International Phonetic Alphabet. |
| The_Johns_Hopkins_Center_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing_(CLSP) A university research program whose areas of research include language modeling, natural language processing, neural auditory processing, acoustic processing, optimality theory, and language acquisiti |
| Katholieke_Universiteit_Center_for_Processing_Speech_and_Images Description of research projects, educational information, and special links. |
| Liberated_Learning_Project Technology which automatically transcribes spoken language and displays it as readable text. Developing speech recognition technology as a means to accessible and barrier-free learning. |
| LIMSI_Spoken_Language_Processing_Group Main activities of the spoken language processing group cover the following domains: speech recognition, speech understanding, dialog systems, speaker and language recognition, speech translation and |
| Mathematical_Modeling_of_Prosody A tutorial on intonation modeling and prosody, along with research papers and results. |
| Microsoft_Speech_Technology_Group Engages in research and development of speech technologies in a wide range of applications, including speech recognition (Whisper) and speech synthesis (Whistler) and Dr. Who. |
| MIT_Spoken_Language_Systems_Group Research initiatives for improving the interaction between people and computers via natural spoken language. Publications, news and events, and profiles of researchers. |
| National_Center_for_Sign_Language_and_Gesture_Resources Boston University resource for experimantal and analyzed data (especially from native signers of ASL) to facilitate linguistic and computational research on signed languages and the gestural component |
| Nespole "Negotiating through SPOken Language in E-commerce" project aims at contributing to the promotion of economic growth in the e-commerce and e-service area by improving speech to speech translation syst |
| NIST_Speech_Group The Speech Group at NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) primarily engages in developing measurement methods, providing reference materials, coordinating community-wide benchmark test |
| Pfstar_Project European research consortium investigating multisensorial interaction. Two year project examining technologies for speech-to-speech translation, the detection and expressions of emotional states, and |
| Recognition_Technologies Conducts research in the areas of speaker recognition (identification and verification), signature verification, speech recognition and handwriting recognition. Recognition engines and applications a |
| Research_Paper_on_Rich_Transcription Rich Transcription of speech, speech and speaker recognition, naturallanguage processing |
| Russian_Speech_Database Russian firm offering a large collection of .wav files containing Russian speaker samples on CD. Useful for voice and speech recognition research. |
| Speech_at_Carnegie_Mellon_University Dedicated to speech technology research, development, and deployment. Offers open source speech software, speech and language projects, publications, and resources. |
| Speech_Group_ESAT/KULeuven_Belgium Site of the Leuven research group on speech technology (speech recognition, speech coding, and speech modification). |
| Speech_Module_of_an_AI_Mind A design for the speech recognition portion of a robot. Source code and theory. |
| Speech_Processing_and_Signal_Analysis_Group_FEL_CTU Czech Technical University research focusing on enhancement of speech in the running car environment, speech recognition and to creating of databases of natural language. Demo available for doing spec |
| Speech_Recognition_Group,_Univ__of_Cambridge The Speech Recognition Group is part of the Machine Intelligence Lab at the University of Cambridge. Its primary area of research is large vocabulary speech transcription. Its research interests also |
| Speech_Structure_Recognition Speech recognition based on inner structure. Pattern recognition method to estimate which the inner structure of the spoken phoneme. |
| Speech_synthesis_and_prosody_papers Webpages of Dimitris Spiliotopoulos. Research in speech synthesis, intonation, prosody, natural language, talking robots. |
| Speech-based_and_Pervasive_Interaction_Group Project is investigating non-visual, speech only user interfaces, especially focusing on how the interface design can make up for errors in recognition. Primarily Finnish lanquage will be used. |
| Speed_of_Sound,_Inc_ Performs speech data collection and transcription in order to assist vendors and researchers in the training and evaluation of speech-recognition systems. |
| STTS_-_Speech_Technology_Services Offers development of technology for speech synthesis, speech recognition and lexica. Based in Stockholm. |
| TC-STAR_Project_ Technology and corpora for speech to speech translation project - includes information and details on the project, partners, public documents and news. |
| (USA)_Responsive_Virtual_Human_Technology An NSF funded project led by Research Triangle Institute studying spoken language interaction with virtual characters. |
| Vishwac_Sena Speech recognition and synthesis based research activities and research papers. Particular focus on neural speech modeling, speech recognition and synthesis in virtual reality agents and virtual reali |
| VoiceXML_Italian_User_Group Developers exchange information, solutions, read news and meet other developers and people interested in Voice and Speech recognition technology. Mixed English/Italian site. |
| VoiceXML_WOZ The WOZ (Wizard of Oz) experiment is a method used to help the developers verify their dialog models. Also a multimodal implementation for VoiceXML is given. Free binaries and source code. |
| WASPAA\'97_Home_page IEEE 1997 Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics. |
| Gensys_VoiceGenie Allows hands free, eyes free web access from any phone. Complements WAP wireless web phones. Uses speech recognition, text to speech, and VoiceXML. |
| Designed_to_a_T Download images free for personal and business use. |
| Grandma\'s_Graphics Unique graphics, illustrations and images collected from various vintage antique books. |
| Lise\'s_Garden_Gallery Thousands of graphics, mostly Victorian and old fashioned. |
| Victorian_Art_For_Mother Antique images from the Victorian Era collection for personal use. |
| Victorians_net Vintage Victorian clipart, arranged in categories of angels, cherubs, flowers, hearts, and Holidays for personal use. |
| FAQ_you A small collection of various FAQs. |
| net_legends_FAQ Noticeable phenomena of Usenet. Not completely factual, but as close as can be, given that in some cases the facts are known only to one person or have been lost in the mists of time. |
| The_Ultimate_Learn_and_Resource_Center A directory of Usenet FAQs classified by theme rather than by newsgroup. |
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![What's the difference between [l-with-a-looped-belt]
and [l-with-a-swung-crossbar]; -- what does a retroflex flap sound like? -- how is cardinal 15 (ram's-horns) different from
card. 16 (turned m)?](http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/cassette.htm/casset6.gif)
(Answers at the bottom of this page)
![Every consonant sound is presented in the frames [_a] and
[a_a];
every vowel sound is said first on a falling tone and then
on a level tone.](http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/cassette.htm/every.gif)
The sounds are presented in the exact order in which they are
shown on the current Chart. They are spoken by John Wells, Professor of Phonetics at University College London and
former Secretary of the IPA, and Jill House, Senior Lecturer
in Phonetics at UCL. 
View the script. (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader: free download here 
.
Both are laterals: the first is a voiceless fricative, the second a voiced velarized approximant. Hear them on the tape.
You can hear it in Hindi, in Norwegian, and ... on the tape.
Both are back and unrounded, close-mid and close respectively. Get a Vietnamese speaker to demonstrate, or ... listen to the tape.
