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Title: History - Chronology of Personal Computers Timeline of microcomputers from the development of the microprocessor in the 1960s through to the present day. Includes hardware, software, peripherals, companies, and individuals.
Computer_History_Association_of_California Non-profit corporation, safeguards and organizes the history of electronic computing, internationally, nationally, and in California. They collect and archive hardware, software, and documents.

Computer_History_Images Pictures of many of the pioneering computers.

Computer_History_Museum Focuses exclusively on the history of computing. Located in Mountain View, California. Search the collection, illustrated timeline, online exhibits and select images from the collection, "This Day

Computer_Industry_History Comprehensive list of links to the best computer industry history resources that can currently be found on the 'Net

Computers,_Videogames_and_Arcade_Collector\'s_Ring A project to create the definitive list of the 1,000 key innovations and events in the last 1,000 years of information technology.

History_of_Computers A directory of sites about the history of computers arranged categorically and with specific topic and general topic sections.


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Chronology of Personal Computers

Chronology of Personal Computers

Copyright © 1995-2008 Ken Polsson internet e-mail: kpolsson@islandnet.com All rights reserved. Permission is granted to create web links to this site, not to copy these pages to other web sites. URL: http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist/ This document is an attempt to bring various published sources together to present a timeline about Personal Computers. This web document is a sneak peek at a book project of mine. Since 1994, I have browsed over 1000 sources for date information related to personal computers. This brief summary includes many of the essential happenings that shaped the industry. The full text contains over to 5000 entries. I have tried to keep it open-minded and unbiased, but the annoying fact is that "the winners write the history books". Note: company and product names are the property of their respective owners. Such names are used for identification purposes only. This site is solely the work of Ken Polsson, and is not affiliated with or endorsed by any of the companies listed herein. Computer/printer supplies links: printer ink - data storage media - Hewlett Packard cartridges Online Shopping & Compare Prices Laptops - Desktops Buy Cheap Software USA Online Software Distributor Microsoft & Adobe Software UK Online Software Distributor References are numbered in [brackets], which are listed here. A number after the dot gives the page in the source. Last updated: 2008 July 18.

1947

December 23 Three scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories, William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen demonstrate their new invention of the point-contact transistor amplifier. The name transistor is short for "transfer resistance". (Miniaturization of electronic circuits via the transistor is a key development making personal desktop computers small, reliable, and affordable.) [185.84] [202.131] [266.9] [1064.237] [1149.69] [1298.186]

1952

January A complaint is filed against IBM, alleging monopolistic practices in its computer business, in violation of the Sherman Act. (The government's antitrust investigations and trial against IBM will drag on for thirty years, finally being dismissed in 1982. IBM will cautiously monitor its microcomputer business practices, fearful of a repeat of government scrutiny.) [569.138] [1298.186]

1956

January A U.S. District Court makes a final judgement on the complaint against IBM filed in January 1952 regarding monopolistic practices. A "consent decree" is signed by IBM, placing limitations on how IBM conducts business with respect to "electronic data processing machines". (Though personal computers are twenty years in the future, this consent decree will limit IBM's success and ability to compete in the marketplace.) [569.138] (month unknown) The first transistorized computer is completed, the TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer), at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (While not a microcomputer, this is is a step forward in the evolution of reducing the size of computers.) [624] September 13 IBM introduces the IBM 350 Disk File, the first hard drive, as part of the IBM RAMAC 305 computer. The drive features fifty double-sided 24-inch diameter platters, served by one arm and one read/write head. Capacity is about 5 MB, and transfer rate is 8800 characters per second. (The first hard drives for personal computers will appear in about 15 years, also with a capacity of about 5 MB.) [609.89] [838.S2] [945.61] [1089.392] [1606.54] [1612.55] [2065.93] [2097.20] [2238.99] (November [798.152])

1958

September 12 At Texas Instruments, Jack Kilby demonstrates the world's first integrated circuit, containing five components on a piece of germanium half an inch long and thinner than a toothpick. [110] [556.9] [732.23] [766.151] [1298.154] [1697.3] (October [1064.237]) (1959 [9] [606.5])

1959

(month unknown) At Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce constructs an integrated circuit with components connected by aluminum lines on a silicon-oxide surface layer on a plane of silicon. [606.5] [732.25] [766.151] [1298.186] (1958 [1064.237])

1960

(month unknown) Digital Equipment introduces the first minicomputer, the PDP-1, for US$120,000. It is the first commercial computer equipped with a keyboard and monitor. PDP stands for Program, Data, Processor. (The minicomputer represents an important size and power step from mainframe toward personal computers.) [203.96] [415.36] [1112.140] [1149.20,31] (minicomputer introduced in 1972 [205.4]) (PDP means Programmed Data Processor [1559])

1963

(month unknown) Douglas Engelbart's group at Stanford Research Institute in California studies interactive devices for displays. Of the different devices tested - pointers, joysticks, trackballs - a brown, wooden box with two rolling wheels and a red push button on top achieves the best results. Douglas Engelbart is credited with inventing the mouse pointing device for computers. (The mouse will be re-born some twenty years in the future, when personal computers become powerful enough to support graphical user interfaces.) [1112.140] [1254.88] [1298.186] [1559] [1918.74] (1962 [1084.30]) (1964 [1606.54])

1964

May 1 At Dartmouth College, in Hanover, New Hampshire, the BASIC programming language runs for the first time. The language was developed by professors John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz, BASIC is an acronym for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is based on FORTRAN and Algol, and was developed for a General Electric 225 mainframe computer. (BASIC becomes the most popular introductory programming language for microcomputers, often stored in ROM and executing commands interactively.) [9] [132] [266.140] [801.65] [1038.155] [1069.268] [1149.23] [1280.40] [1299.26] [1556.9] (1965 [1112.142]) (month unknown) The American Standard Association adopts ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) as a standard code for data transfer. (This standard, defining 7-bit character codes, will be used for most personal computers in the Western world.) [1112.140]

1965

April 19 Electronics magazine publishes an article by Gordon Moore, head of research and development for Fairchild Semiconductor, on the future of semiconductor components. Moore predicts that transistor density on integrated circuits would double every 12 months for the next ten years. (This prediction is revised in 1975 to doubling every 18 months, and becomes known as Moore's Law.) [876.17] [941.58] [947.102] [1000.20] [1298.186] (1964 [29.91] [732.18]) (every 18 months [876.17] [947.102]) (every 18-24 months [941.58])

1966

May Steven Gray founds the Amateur Computer Society, and begins publishing the ACS Newsletter. (Some consider this to be the birth-date of personal computing.) [208.64]

1968

June 4 The US Patent & Trademark Office grants patent 3,387,286 to Dr. Robert Dennard, of the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center. The patent is for a one-transistor DRAM cell and the basic idea in the three-transistor cell. (Dynamic RAM (Random Access Memory) will become the standard short-term storage medium for programs and data during processing.) [911] (month unknown) Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore found Intel Corporation. (Intel begins as a memory chip producer, but will soon switch to the new field of microprocessors.) [346.58] [1280.40] October 4 An advertisement in Science magazine by Hewlett-Packard introduces first programmable scientific desktop calculator, which Hewlett-Packard calls "the new Hewlett-Packard 911A personal computer". (This is claimed as coining the term "personal computer".) [213.5] [1559] December Douglas C. Engelbart, of the Stanford Research Institute, demonstrates his system of keyboard, keypad, mouse, and windows at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco's Civic Center. He demonstrates use of a word processor, a hypertext system, dynamic file linking, and remote collaborative work with colleagues on a shared screen. [180.42] [185.98] [716.88] [753] [1280.40] [1298.186] [2319.18] End of 1947-1968. Next: 1969. The complete timeline can be purchased in a PDF file for US$10 from the author. You can pay now directly via PayPal. When I receive notification from PayPal, I will email you the PDF file. or send me an email to request my mailing address to mail payment. 1947-1968 1969-1971 1972-1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007-end For computer security or to keep a laptop safe it's good practice to mark them with asset labels, pc security labels or computer asset tags - all of which are available from Hologuard in the UK. A list of references to all source material is available. Other web pages of interest: Chronology of Handheld Computers Chronology of Workstation Computers Chronology of Microprocessors Chronology of IBM Personal Computers Chronology of Apple Computers Chronology of Amiga Computers Chronology of the Commodore 64 Computer Personal Computer References in Pop Culture Ken P's Today in History Last updated: 2008 July 18. Copyright © 1995-2008 Ken Polsson (email: kpolsson@islandnet.com). URL: http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist/ Link to Ken P's home page. Hosted by Islandnet.com
 

Timeline

of

microcomputers

from

the

development

of

the

microprocessor

in

the

1960s

through

to

the

present

day.

Includes

hardware,

software,

peripherals,

companies,

and

individuals.

http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist/

Chronology of Personal Computers 2008 September

dvd rental

dvd


Timeline of microcomputers from the development of the microprocessor in the 1960s through to the present day. Includes hardware, software, peripherals, companies, and individuals.

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