| The_History_of_Computing_Science__From_the_Past_to_the_Present Lecture presented by Michelle A. Hoyle explaining how computers and computing science arose from using sticks with notches for counting, to the massive explosion of personal computers in the 1980s. |
| Jargon_File_Resources The Jargon File (AKA, _The New Hacker's Dictionary_) is an essential repository of computer historical information. |
| The_Modern_History_of_Computing Historical survey from Babbage onward; by B. Jack Copeland from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. |
| Museum_of_the_USSR_Computers_History A virtual museum containing historical information on computers and computer facilities in the USSR. Includes descriptions of computers, their characteristics, pictures, and personalities. |
| National_Archive_for_the_History_of_Computing Houses the UK's most important collection of documents relating to the history of computing, and encourages interest and study in the history of computing more generally. |
| The_Obsolete_Technology_Website Pictures, documents, and advertisements of classic computers from the 1970's and 1980's. |
| PC_History This site is under construction but has some nice pictures of some pre-IBM machines. |
| Punched_Cards Covers the earliest ways of encoding data up to the cards used in voting systems today. |
| Reflections_of_a_ModemJunkie Writings on computers, the early online world, and the Internet, dating from 1992 to 2000. |
| Silicon_Valley_History_and_Future Silicon Valley -- San Francisco Bay Area -- background, trends and forecast |
| Tools_For_Thought by Howard Rheingold. Online copy of well known 1985 book on the invention of computing; includes Babbage, Turing, von Neumann, Engelbart, PARC, Kay, and Atari. |
| Tools_for_Thought__The_History_and_Future_of_Mind-Expanding_Technology New updated edition from MIT Press, with new interviews of historic characters. |
| Triumph_of_the_Nerds Bios, an interactive game, and a Q&A forum trace the birth of the personal computer at this PBS companion site. |
| American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_toward_Robots A site devoted to ensuring the rights of any sentient robots that may someday be developed. |
| Android_World Lots of information on androids and specific android projects. |
| Australia\'s_Telerobot_on_the_Web An ABB industrial robot operated via the Internet. Online since 1994 and originally controlled with a web browser applet, this was one of the first web-controlled robots. Registration is required to u |
| BBC_Robot_World Offers news, reviews and history of robots, as well as robot building guides and a discussion forum. |
| Electronics_Forum Online discussion forum for subject related to electronics including robotics, analog design, analog filters, and tubes. |
| GoRobotics_net An amateur robotics site, including links, books, and resources. |
| How_Stuff_Works_-_The_Singing_Fish Photographed autopsy of the popular singing fish novelty fad reveals its robotic-like subsystems with complete informative descriptions. |
| Humanoid_Robotics Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Lab page that provides an overview of Humanoid Robotics, addressing their history, current research, and ethical issues. |
| Learn_about_Robots Includes commentary on robot related terminology and many applications of robotics including entertainment, military, space, industrial, and others. |
| Machine_Grid Portal site featuring tutorials, news, links, and other resources for robot builders. |
| Machine_Intelligence_Group Robotics/AI portal with news and discussion forum. Based in India. |
| Orion_Robots A weblog with tips and help on building robots, robot links and robot designs. |
| Plausible_Futures_Newsletter News weblog on topics that include robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, biotechnology, and sciences that could dramatically affect the future of society. |
| Popular_Mechanics_Robotics Articles discussing the latest news on robotics technology and artificial intelligence research. |
| Retrofire_-_Rockets_&_Robots Portal for robots and rocket hobbyists. Site includes news, forums, plans, resources, and online store. |
| RoboFesta-UK News and information site with a focus on educational robotics in the UK. Event announcements for UK robotics related events, as well as FAQs, educational resources download area, comprehensive links |
| Robonyp\'s_Website News, links, and several tutorials, on electronics and robotics. |
| Robot_Haven News, information and discussion about robots and robotics. |
| RobotCafe_com RobotCafe.com is a unique portal that offers search results based on quality and popularity. Find free tutorials, news, discussion forums, and an extensive directory of links to robotics websites. |
| Robotic_Spot Robotics portal site devoted to robotic locomotion and home automation. Based in Madrid, Spain. Site in English and Spanish. |
| Robotics_Daily Offers an aggregate RSS newsfeed from a variety of robot news sites. |
| Robotics_FAQ For the newsgroups comp.robotics.misc and comp.robotics.research. |
| Robotics_India Robotics community site for India. Site include discussion forums, news, and links. |
| Robotics_Trends News, information, opinion and analysis portal covering the personal, service, mobile and military robotics markets. |
| RobotsLife_com News and interviews, and information on research and events. |
| Robots_net A news and discussion site for those interested in robots and robotics. Home of the Robot Competition FAQ and a variety of resource pages. |
| RobotsRule_com_Forum Discussion forum for fans of the Robots.net web site. |
Charles Babbagedesigned the first computer, starting in 1823.Though not completed until 1990 (?), his Difference Engine worked.Ada King, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of Lord Byron,wrote programs for the Difference Engine,thus becoming the world's first programmer.
The ENIAC was the first successful electronic digital computer.The Fiftieth Anniversaryof ENIAC is fast approaching.
The IBM SSECis something I know nothing about.
The IBM 360 was a revolutionary advance in computer system architecture,enabling a family of computers covering a wide range of price and performance.
The LGP30 was built by Litton General Precision in the mid 1950's.It was implemented with vacuum tubes and drum memory.It used a Flexowriter for I/O.The instructions had three addresses,two for the operands and one for the next instruction.
.Digital Equipment Corporation's first computer was the PDP-1.
Spacewar is the first video gameand was written by Steve "Slug" Russell at MIT in 1960-61.
The PDP-6was DEC's first 36-bit computer.
The PDP-8 was the world's first minicomputer.It was priced at the amazingly low price of $20,000.00.
The DEC PDP-11 was a wildly successful minicomputer.
The DEC VAX 11/780 brought mainframe capability to the minicomputer market.You may obtain more historical information from theCharles BabbageInstitute.Also see Paul Pierce'sComputer Collection.J.A.N. Lee maintains an unorganizedHistory of Computing.Arnold G. Reinhold has some articles on his own personal history withearly computers.Yahoo maintains more comprehensive information on theHistory ofComputers and the Internet.See also theBigComputer List (local copy).Lawrence A. Crowl,crowl@cs.orst.edu,20 February 1996