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History of Computers hitmill.com  History of Computers The development of the modern day computer was the result of advances in technologies and man's need to quantify. The abacus was one of the first counting machines. Papyrus helped early man to record language and numbers. Some of the earlier counting machines lacked the technology to make the design work. For instance, some had parts made of wood prior to metal manipulation and manufacturing. Imagine the wear on wooden gears. This history of computers site includes the names of early pioneers of math and computing and links to relating sites about the History of Computers for further study. This site would be a good Web adjunct to accompany any book on the History of Computers or Introduction to Computers. The "H" Section includes a link to the History of the Web Beginning at CERN which includes Bibliography and Related Links. Hitmill.com strives to always include related links for a broader educational experience. The material was originally divided into Part 1 & Part 2 Enter your search termsSubmit search form[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] 8-Bit Operating Systems (Armory.Com)Classic 8-bit Computers -A-A Brief History of Computers and Networks (GoldenInk.Com) A Chronology of Computer History (Cyberstreet.Com) A Chronology of Personal Computers (kpolsson - islandnet.com) A Few Quotes from Silicon Valley History A Journey Through the History of Information Technology Photos: History of Computing InformationArtificial Intelligence, History of A Timeline of Computer and Internet History ABACUSThe Abacus (Hitmill.com: Good pictures, overview, brief history, definition, counting boards, bibliography, and links for further study) AIKEN, HOWARD HATHAWAY Howard Hathaway Aiken and the Mark IHoward Aiken: Makin' A Computer WonderHoward Hathaway Aiken, Computer PioneerHoward Aiken's Harvard Mark I ALTAIR ComputerAltair 8800 (Wikipedia)Introduction The Revolution Begins (David Bunnell)The Altair 8800 and Ed RobertsAltair History (onlineethics.org)Early History of the Personal Computer (by Thayer Watkins at San Jose State University)Brief History of the Altair (highgate.comm.sfu.ca)The Virtual Altair Museum"Ed Roberts Interview (virualaltair.com)What Good is a Computer Without Software? (virtualaltair.com)How the Personal Computer Was Born (sas.org)Looking Back on Nearly Three Decades of Personal Computing (by Forrest M. Mims III)Ed Roberts and the MITS AltairHow the Altair Began (by Stan Veit, the Computer Editor of Popular Electronics Magazine)Chronology of Personal Computers 1975Open Letter to Hobbyists from Bill Gates, February 3, 1976Ramblings From Ed Roberts, March 1976 ANALYTICAL ENGINEThe Analytical Engine, Table of ContentsAnalytical Engine/Babbage APPLE/MACINTOSH Apple Computer history (apple-history.com) Steve Jobs Information Page Woz.org Making the Macintosh (stanford.edu) The Apple Museum (theapplemuseum.com) Books on Apple History MacPicks (Mac News, Reviews, E-zines) MacPlaces ARPA, Forerunner of ARPANET and the InternetARPA: The Early Days of ARPA, Forerunner of the Internet ATANASOFF, JOHN VINCENTThe John Vincent Atanasoff Virtual Archive Iowa State University Department of Computer Science, birthplace of the electronic digital computer. Atanasoff Biography (Hien Chris Do) Washington Post Obituary Secret of a Genius: Drive Fast and Don't Look Back(This is an article about John Atanasoff.) Inventors of the Modern ComputerThis article from the Minining Company discusses the Atanasoff-Berry Computer,John Vincent Atanasoff, and Clifford Berry. ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER Reconstruction of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer(Article from Ames Lab) ABC Public Showings: November 1996 and October 1997 -B- BABBAGE, CHARLESPioneers: Charles Babbage Charles Babbage Biographical NotesThe Babbage Pges: Biography Babbage's Analytical Engine Charles Babbage Institute (U. of Minn.)Charles Babbage - Bibliographical notes (cs.vt.edu) Picture of Charles Babbage (cs.vt.edu) BACKUS, JOHN Biography of John Backus Leader of the team that developed Fortran programming language John Backus, Recipient of Alan M. Turing Award BELL, GORDON Gordon Bell Microsoft Bay Area Research Center; worked on design of PDP-6 at DEC, an antecedent of the PDP-10, one of the first mPs and the first time-sharing computer.MyLifeBits Project: Vannevar Bush's 1945 Memex Vision Fulfilled (research.microsoft.com) BOOLE, GEORGEGeorge Boole - Genius of Lincoln (Roger Parsons)The Calculus of Logic by George Boole (maths.tcd.ie)Papers by George Boole (ucc.ie - University Library County Cork, Ireland)George Boole Invents Boolean AlgebraGeorge Boole, Biographical Notes (st-and.ac.uk) BRICKLIN, DANIEL (Co-Creator of VisiCalc) Daniel Bricklin, First Spreadsheet,VisiCalcDaniel Bricklin's Web PageDaniel Bricklin Biography, Long Form BUNNELL, DAVID (Altair, MITS, PC Mag., PC World, MacWorld)The Third Culture: David Bunnell (edge.org)Prosumer MediaUpside Tech Magazine's Downside (S.F. Chronicle) BUSH, VANNEVAR As We May Think (by permission of theatlantic.com)Article of 1945 by Vannevar BushVannevar Bush Biographical Notes (www.iath.virginia.edu)Vannevar Bush (livinginternet.com) BYRON, LADY AUGUSTA ADAAda Byron (Yale.edu, contributed by Dr. Betty Toole)Ada's Notes Contributed by Dr. Betty Toole, Yale.EduThe Birth of the Computer Revolution Yale.eduPictures of Lady Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace -C- Calculator Reference, Research Page Chronology of Computer History (cyberstreet.com) Chronology of Personal Computers (Ken Polsson) Computing Science, History of Computers: From the Past to the Present C++ Programming LanguageHistory of the C++ Programming Language (hitmill.com)History of C++ (cplusplus.com) CALCULATORSTimeline History of Calculators CERF, VINTON G. Co-inventor of TCP/IP Protocol for the InternetICANN Biographical Notes about Vinton G. CerfVint's Personal Home Page Read about the first 35 years of the "Internet"How the Internet Came to Be as told by Vinton CerfVinton G. Cerf (isoc.org)Vinton G. Cerf (Wikipedia page)Vinton Cerf on the future of e-mail (ComputerWorld: 2001 article)From Inventing the Enterprise: Vinton G. Cerf (cio.com) CODD, EDGAR F. Database Pioneer, Key Theorist of DatabasesEdgar Codd, Database Pioneer, Dead at 79 (usatoday.com)Edgar Codd, Key Theorist of Databases Dies at 79 in Florida COLOSSUSThe Colossus Rebuild Project (codesandciphers.org.uk)The Colossus Rebuild Project (project-x.org.uk)Lorenz Ciphers and the Colossus1940-1944 The ColossusColossus Electronic Programmable (to a limited extent) ComputerColossus Computer Computer Conservation SocietyComputer Conservation Society -D-DIJKSTRA, EDSGER WYBE Mathematician, Computer Scientist, Shortest Path Algorithm, Computer Programmer, EducatorBiographical Notes: Edsger W. Dijkstra (Wipikedia.org)Edsger Dijkstra, The shortest-path algorithmDijkstra's Algorith (Wikipedia.org)E. W. Dijkstra Archive (utexas.edu)Dijkstra's Algorith (uwa.edu.au)GoTo Statement Considered Harmful by Edsger Dijkstra, 1968; Article began the structured programming movement.How Do We Tell Truths that Might Hurt? by Edsger Dijkstra, 1975: On old problems in programmingEdsger Dijkstra on universitiesEdsger Dijkstra:RIP (death notice) DIGITAL IMAGING Mona Lisa, Digital Image from 1965 A Brief History of Digital Imaging -E-ECKERT, J. PRESPER J. Presper Eckert Interview The Eckert/ENIAC Collection ENGLEBART, DOUGLAS C.AUGMENTING HUMAN INTELLECT: A Conceptual Framework A summary report prepared by Douglas C. Englebart for the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, October 1962.Original Computer Mouse PatentComputer Mouse Demo (video info.)Facts About the Invention of the Computer MouseThe Computer MouseThe Mousesite - a resource for exploring the history of human computer interaction beginning with the pioneering work of Douglas Engelbart and his colleagues at Stanford Research Institute in the 1960s. ENIAC The ENIAC Story (army.mil)A Report on the ENAIC (army.mil)ENAIC - The Army Sponsored Revolution (army.mil)John W. Mauchly and the Development of the ENIAC Computer (upenn.edu)The Eniac (about.com)ENIAC Computer Invention (ideafinder.com)Jean Bartik, The First ENIAC Programmer EthernetNetworking With Ethernet (entertainmentdesignmag.com) -F-Fibonnaci NumbersFibonnaci Numbers DefinitionFibonnaci Numbers and the Golden Section -F, G- First, Second, Third, and Fourth Generation ComputersFeatures of each generation are discussed. -G- Google.Com's Computer History Links Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century GATES, WILLIAM H IIIBill Gate's Web Page at MicrosoftBill Gates: Biog. notes and p;ictureThe "Unofficial" Bill Gates pageFocus Magazine's Interview with Bill GatesBill and Melinda Gates FoundationAn Open Letter to Hobbyists - by Bill Gates, 1976 (blinkenlights.com)William H. Gates III Before MicrosoftBill Gates Wealth Index GOOD, IRVING JOHN (JACK)Roanoke Times Article about Jack Good, a memeber of the team that broke the ENIGMA code during WWIIIrving John (Jack) Good Cryptologist, statistician GORE, ALAl Gore's Support of the Internet by Robert E. Kahn and Vinton G. CerfGore to Get Lifetime Award for InternetGore Never Did Claim That He Invented the Internet GOSLING, JAMES wrote the Java programming languageFrom Inventing the Enterprise: James Gosling (cio.com)James Gosling, On the Java RoadJava - James Gosling (about.com) Graphical User InterfaceGraphical User InterfaceHistory of the Graphical User InterfaceGraphical User Interface, GUI (apple-history.com)Mac OS XAqua Human Interface Guidelines (developer.apple.com)GUI GalleryThe History of Graphical User Interfaces -H- Historic Computer Images (army.mil)History of Computer Viruses and Attacks (securityfocus.com) History of Computing (ei.cs.vt.edu)A compiled directory of categorical links. History of Computing: Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC)This site is a virtual museum which includes an eclectic collection of WWW hyperlinks connected with the history of computing and on-line computer-based exhibits.History of the Internet (Roads and Crossroads of Internet History (Gregory Gromov's site)History of the Web Beginning at CERN HOPPER, GRACE Grace Hopper The Wit and Wisdom of Grace HopperInventing the Enterprise: Grace Murray Hopper (cio.com) Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard, History -- Founding Fathers The Making of Hewlitt-Packard Dave Packard's 11 Simple Rules -I- IEEE Annals of the History of ComputingInternet History: Roads and Crossroads of Internet History (Gregory Gromov) IBMIBM Vintage Personal Computers IEEEIEEE/ISTO Industry Standards and Technology OrganizationIEEE Computer Society Home PortalIEEE Computer Society History of ComputingIEEE Annals of Computer HistoryIEEE 802.11b - Wireless Ethernet Article by Al Petrick, Vice Chairman of the IEEE 802.11 Standards Committee Internet ExplorerThe History of Internet Explorer -J-JACQUARD, JOSEPH-MARIE Book: Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom Led to the Birth of the Information Age by James Essinger. Read about this book at Amazon.comJacquard LoomThe Jacquard Loom (columbia.edu)Jacquard's Punched CardIndustrial Revolution: Timeline of Textile MachineryBiographical Note on Joseph-Marie JacquardBiography of Joseph-Marie Jacquard JOBS, STEVE PAUL Steve Paul Jobs Bio. -K-KAHN, ROBERT E (co-inventor of TCP/IP Technology for Internet)Robert E. Kahn Biographical NotesRobert E. Kahn Awarded National Medal of Technology KING, ADA BYRON(See BYRON, AUGUSTA ADA) KLEINROCK, LEONARDLeonard Kleinrock Biography: The Birth of the Internet (ucla.edu)Leonard Kleinrock was the inventor of the Internet technology known as packet-switching.Leonard Kleinrock's home page -L-LEIBNITZ, GOTFRIED von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716) LICKLIDER, J.C.R.Man-Computer Symbiosis by J.C.R. Licklider (PDF file, Memex.org)The Computer as a Communication Device (PDF file, Memex.org)by J.C.R. Licklider and Robert Taylor (of ARPA)JCR Licklider (columbia.edu)J.C.R. Licklider Biography (thocp.net)J.C.R. Licklider (livinginternet.com)Six degrees of J.C.R. Licklider traces computer evolution (St.Louis Post Dispatch/wustl.edu)J.C.R. Licklider in Memoriam (MIT.edu)The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal (book, by M. Mitchell Waldrop -- see Amazon.com book site) -M- Mind Machine Museum (SFSU.edu) MAUCHLY, JOHN W.John W. Mauchly and the Development of the ENIAC Computer METCALF, ROBERT M. EthernetFrom Inventing the Enterprise: Robert M. Metcalf (cio.com)Ethernet (acm.org) Project XanaduThe original hypertext project... Ted Nelson home page NYGAARD, KRISTEN Notes About Kristen Nygaard -O- -P- Past Notable Women of Computing and Mathematics PC Computers, Pre-IBM Pioneers (Wired Magazine's List of Pioneers of Computing) Pioneers of Computing PASCAL, BLAISE Blaise Pascal Quotes to Inspire You Blaise Pascal Biography PDP ComputersWhat is a PDP? (Ken Olson/DEC)PDP-8 (pdp8.net)PDP-11 History (telnet.hu) -Q- -R-RITCHIE, DENNIS Dennis Ritchie Home PageInterview with Dennis M. RitchieDennis M. Ritchie timelineDennis M. Ritchie: From Inventing the Enterprise -S- Shareware, History ofSilicon Valley History (netvalley.com)Smithsonian Institute's Computer History Collection Shortest Path AlgorithSee Dijkstra, Edsger STIBITZ, GEORGE R.George R. Stibitz, Computer Inventor (1904-1995)George R. Stibitz in Inventors Hall of FameGeorge R. Stibitz Curriculum VitaeGeorge R. Stibitz, BiographyGeorge R. Stibitz, 1904-1995 SYSTEM RSystem R (mcjones.org)System R led to the introduction of the SQL language -T- Tech. History (si.edu) The Charles Babbage InstituteThis is located at the University of MinnesotaMany computer subjects including the history of computers... The Evolution of the Computer The History of Shareware The IEEE Annals of the History of ComputingThe Revolutionaries The Smithsonian Computer History and Information TechnologyTimeline: The History of Computers (Maxmon.com)Well done! Events influencing the history and development of computing.Tools for Thought (Howard Rheingold) TURING, ALAN The Alan Turing Home Page Alan Mathison Turing (1912-1954) Alan Turing and COLOSSUS -U-UNIVAC COMPUTERUnivac Memories (fourmilab.ch)Book: The Unsung Heroes of the PC Age -V- Virtual Museum of ComputingViruses: History of Computer VirusesWearable Computing at media.MIT.edu What was the first computer and who built it?" Wired Magazine:Browse by PersonThis is a list not to be missed. Enjoy. von NEUMANN, JOHN LOUIS John Lewis von Neumann (1903-1957) John von Neumann (Click on hardware in the background of this next reference) von Neumann Digital Computer -W-WANG, AN Dr. An Wang (Magnetic Core Memory) (mit.edu)An Wang, Hall of Fame Inventor ProfileBook: Dr. an Wang Computer PioneerThe Doctor and His CalculatorsAbout WangAn Wang: The Core of the Computer EraWang system photosPhoto 1968 Wang CalculatorWang 363E CalculatorWang BASIC vs. Microsoft BASIC WILKES, MAURICE VINCENTMaurice Vincent Wilkes (vt.edu)Maurice Vincent Wilkes, Brief Biography WIRTH, NIKLAUSNiklaus Wirth (kzoo.edu)Niklaus Wirth was the inventor of Pascal, and other languages. WOZNIAK, STEVEN Steven Wozniak Bio. (cs.vt.edu) Official Website of the "WOZ" Apple Computer history -X-XANADUProject XanaduThe original hypertext project...Xanadu Australia: Problem DefinitionXanadu Secrets Become Udanax Open-Source (1999)Marc Steigler's 1989 Article Published in the February 1990 Edition of Unix Review is about Hypertext Publishing -Y--Z- ZUSE, KONRAD Konrad Zuse(Use the search engine at this next site to put in the name of Konrad Zuse, in order to navigate to this topic.) A photograph of Konrad Zuse Konrad Zuse's Z3 Computer Konrad Zuse And His Computers  Guest Article: by Aleem BawanyHistory of Computers is an interesting "timeline" look into the history of computing and of technologies contributing to the making of computers. Real Knowledge - Your Online Source For Computer Information Related Links Having Computer History Significance* History of Computers, Part 2Computing Research LinksFuturistic ComputersHistory of the Web, Beginning at CERNComputer Magazines, E-Zines How did early California history later impact California settlement in the 20th Century and the growth of Silicon Valley? Read about early California history, geology, geography in the following links:[California History Links] [California Indians] [California Geography and Geology] Top |Search Tutorial |Math |English Computers | Internet |Web Pages with HTML Programming |Home Contact Webmaster Updated 22 Dec 2007© hitmill.comAll Rights Reserved |
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